Of the five Regions, Central and Arctic is by far the largest geographically. The Region covers 64% of Canada, is bounded by 71% of Canada's coastline and encompasses about 65% of Canada's marine waters and 67% of the country's fresh waters. The majority of Canada's population lives in the Region, and the Region is home to the majority of pleasure boat owners and recreational fishermen, as well as a significant proportion of commercial shipping. Most of Canada's domestic tonnage is registered and operated out of the Region. The Great Lakes, in addition to being a key commercial and recreational waterway, represent the water supply for approximately 30 million people.

Central and Arctic Region is responsible for the federal Fisheries and Oceans mandate in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Yukon North Slope and territorial marine waters. In the Northwest Territories, Yukon North Slope and the Arctic seas, the Region is responsible for the full Departmental Mission: "To manage Canada's oceans and major waterways so that they are clean, safe, productive and accessible, to ensure sustainable use of fisheries resources and to facilitate marine trade and commerce." In Ontario and the three Prairie Provinces, the Federal Government has delegated certain of its management prerogatives to the provincial governments. The Region also has specific responsibilities associated with special national and international agreements for the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway.
The regional headquarters for the Department of Fisheries, Central and Arctic Region is located in Winnipeg. Coast Guard Programs are administered from the directorate Headquarters in Sarnia, Ontario, and delivered from various strategic sites throughout the Region.
The Canadian Coast Guard Central & Arctic Region is responsible for delivery of the following programs: