Ice Navigation in Canadian Waters

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Table of Contents

• Forward

Part 1: Operating In Ice

CHAPTER 1: ICE ADVISORY AND SHIPPING SUPPORT SERVICES

1.1 GENERAL

• 1.1.1 Icebreaking Service Fee

1.2 COMMUNICATIONS

1.3 REPORTS FROM SHIPS

1.4 NEWFOUNDLAND, MARITIMES, ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, AND GREAT LAKES

1.5 ST. LAWRENCE RIVER - SHIP CHANNEL

1.6 ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY

1.7 ARCTIC WATERS INCLUDING HUDSON BAY AND HUDSON STRAIT

1.8 COAST GUARD ICE OFFICES

1.9 ICE ADVISORY SERVICES

1.10 CANADIAN ICE SERVICE - ENVIRONMENT CANADA

• 1.10.1 Canadian Ice Service (CIS)
• 1.10.2 Ice Reconnaissance Aircraft
• 1.10.3 Ice Observations from Vessels

1.11 ENVIRONMENT CANADA WEATHER CENTRES

• 1.11.1 Weather Forecasts for Marine Areas
• 1.11.2 Weather Charts for Marine Areas
• 1.11.3 Marine Observations from Vessels

1.12 WINTER AIDS TO NAVIGATION IN CANADIAN WATERS

CHAPTER 2: NAVIGATION IN ICE

2.1 GENERAL

2.2 REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIPS OPERATING IN ICE

2.3 ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

• 2.3.1 Superstructure Icing

2.4 SIGNS OF ICE IN THE VICINITY

2.5 USE OF RADAR FOR ICE DETECTION

2.6 SHIPS NAVIGATING INDEPENDENTLY

• 2.6.1 Entering the Ice
• 2.6.2 Use of Radar for Navigation in Arctic Waters

2.7 ICEBREAKERS

• 2.7.1 Communicating with Icebreakers
• 2.7.2 Report Required Before Escort Commences
• 2.7.3 Icebreaking Escort Operations

Part 2: Additional Information for Navigation in Ice Covered Waters

CHAPTER 3: ICE AND WEATHER ENVIRONMENT

3.1 CLIMATOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

• 3.1.1 Air Temperature Patterns
• 3.1.2 Major Storm Tracks and Wind Conditions
• 3.1.3 Polar Lows
• 3.1.4 Precipitation Patterns
• 3.1.5 Fog and Visibility
• 3.1.6 Freezing Spray and Superstructure Icing Conditions
• 3.1.7 Tides and Currents
• 3.1.8 Environmental Disturbances

3.2 ICE PHYSICS

• 3.2.1 Ice Terminology
• 3.2.2 Ice Types
• 3.2.3 Ice Properties
• 3.2.4 Ice Formation and Growth
• 3.2.5 Ice Motion, Pressure, and Deformation
• 3.2.6 Ice Ablation

3.3 ICEBERGS, BERGY BITS, AND GROWLERS

• 3.3.1 Origin and Nature
• 3.3.2 Locations and Clustering

3.4 ICE CLIMATOLOGY

• 3.4.1 Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River
• 3.4.2 Gulf of St. Lawrence
• 3.4.3 East Newfoundland Waters and Labrador Sea
• 3.4.4 Hudson Bay, James Bay, Hudson Strait, and Foxe Basin
• 3.4.5 Baffin Bay and Davis Strait
• 3.4.6 Arctic Archipelago
• 3.4.7 Western Arctic

CHAPTER 4: ICE NAVIGATION

4.1 EFFECT OF ICE AND SNOW ON SHIP PERFORMANCE

• 4.1.1 Ship Resistance
• 4.1.2 Ship Manoeuvring
• 4.1.3 Structural Capability
• 4.1.4 Performance Enhancing Systems

4.2 SHIP HANDLING TECHNIQUES IN ICE

• 4.2.1 Manoeuvres in Different Ice Conditions
• 4.2.2 Handling a Damaged Ship In Ice
• 4.2.3 Berthing
• 4.2.4 Towing in Ice
• 4.2.5 Ice Management

4.3 NAVIGATING IN ICE-COVERED WATERS

• 4.3.1 Ships Proceeding Independently
• 4.3.2 Detection and Avoidance of Ice
• 4.3.3 Visibility
• 4.3.4 Speed
• 4.3.5 Soundings

4.4 PASSAGE PLANNING

• 4.4.1 Strategic Phase
• 4.4.2 Tactical Phase

4.5 PRINCIPLES OF HIGH LATITUDE NAVIGATION

• 4.5.1 Charts
• 4.5.2 Canadian Arctic Nautical Charts and Charting Deficiencies
• 4.5.3 Effect of High Latitude on Compasses and Electronic Aids

4.6 REGULATIONS APPLIED TO NAVIGATION

• 4.6.1 Charts and Publications Regulations
• 4.6.2 Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations
• 4.6.3 Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS)

4.7 ICE INFORMATION

• 4.7.1 Levels of Ice Information
• 4.7.2 External Sources of Ice Information
• 4.7.3 Shipboard Sources of Ice Information
• 4.7.4 Canadian Ice Service (CIS) Ice Charts
• 4.7.5 Detection of Sea Ice from Ships
• 4.7.6 Detection of Icebergs, Bergy Bits, and Growlers from Ships
• 4.7.7 Future Ice Information Systems

CHAPTER 5: SHIPPING IN THE CANADIAN ARCTIC

5.1 ARCTIC SHIPPING POLLUTION PREVENTION REGULATIONS (ASPPR)

• 5.1.1 Application of the Zone / Date System
• 5.1.2 Arctic Class vs CAC Vessels
• 5.1.3 The Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System
• 5.1.4 Vessel Certification - Arctic Pollution Prevention Certificates
• 5.1.5 The Ice Navigator

5.2 INTERNATIONAL CODE OF SAFETY FOR SHIPS IN POLAR WATERS

5.3 EQUIVALENT STANDARDS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ARCTIC CLASS SHIPS
TP 12260

5.4 ARCTIC ICE REGIME SHIPPING SYSTEM (AIRSS) STANDARDS - TP 12259

• 5.4.1 Principles
• 5.4.2 Application Criteria
• 5.4.3 How to Apply the Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System
• 5.4.4 Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System Messages:
• 5.4.5 Ice Regime Routing Message
• 5.4.6 After Action Report
• 5.4.7 Ice Analysis Charts or Imagery

5.5 USER ASSISTANCE PACKAGE - TP 12819

• 5.5.1 Principles of the Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System
• 5.5.2 Ice Regime Terminology
• 5.5.3 Factors that may affect Ice Multipliers
• 5.5.4 Ice Numeral Calculations
• 5.5.5 Examples: Ice Regimes and their Ice Numeral Calculations
• 5.5.6 Vessel Operations

CHAPTER 6: SHIP DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FOR ICE OPERATIONS

6.1 HULL FORM DESIGN

• 6.1.1 Bow Shape
• 6.1.2 Midbody Shape
• 6.1.3 Stern Shape

6.2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

• 6.2.1 Loading
• 6.2.2 Structural Arrangement
• 6.2.3 Construction Materials and Behaviour at Low Temperatures

6.3 PROPULSION SYSTEMS

• 6.3.1 Prime Movers
• 6.3.2 Electric Transmission
• 6.3.3 Mechanical Transmission
• 6.3.4 Shafts and Shaft-line Components
• 6.3.5 Propellers

6.4 STEERING SYSTEMS

6.5 AUXILIARY SYSTEMS

• 6.5.1 Cooling
• 6.5.2 Freezing of Piping, Valves, and Tanks
• 6.5.3 Waste Disposal
• 6.5.4 Fuel Oil Heating

ANNEX A: TERMINOLOGIES FOR ICE, NAVIGATION, AND SHIP DESIGN

• A.1 ICE TERMINOLOGY
• A.2 NAVIGATION TERMINOLOGY
• A.3 SHIP DESIGN TERMINOLOGY

ANNEX B: REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR ICE NAVIGATION IN CANADIAN WATERS

• B.1 NOTICES TO MARINERS, RADIO AIDS, LISTS OF LIGHTS, AND SAILING DIRECTIONS
• B.2 ENVIRONMENT
• B.3 ICE
• B.4 NAVIGATION
• B.5 SHIP DESIGN

ANNEX C: ARCTIC SHIPPING POLLUTION PREVENTION REGULATIONS

• C.1 EXISTING REGULATIONS

List of Figures

List of Tables

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Published by:
Icebreaking Program, Navigational Services Directorate
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Canadian Coast Guard
Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 0E6

©Department of Public Works and Government Services Canada 1999

Cat. No. T31-73/199E
ISBN 0-660-17873-7

Revised September 1999